Matthew 10:18

Vocabulary (Greek word by word)

καὶ (conj)"And" is from kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just." --

ἐπὶ (prep) "Before" is from epi which means "on," "upon," "at," "by," "before," "across," and "against." -

ἡγεμόνας [3 verses](noun pl masc acc) "Governors" is hegemon, which means "one who leads," "leader," "commander," "chief," and "one who does a thing first." The term was specifically used for the governors of provinces in Roman times.

δὲ (partic) "But" is from de which means "but" and "on the other hand." It is the particle that joins sentences in an adversarial way but can also be an explanation of cause ("so").

καὶ (conj) "And" is from kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just." --

βασιλεῖς (noun pl masc acc) "Kings" is from basileus, which means a "king," "chief," "prince," "lord," "master," "a great man," and "the first and most distinguished of any class." It is a form of the world used for "kingdom."

ἀχθήσεσθε (2nd pl fut ind pass) "Shall be brought" is ago, which means to "lead," "carry," "bring," "fetch," "take with one," "carry of," "bear up," "remove," "lead to a point," "lead," "guide," "manage," "refer," "bring up," "train," "educate," "reduce," "draw out (in length)," "hold," "celebrate," "observe (a date)," "pass (Time)," "hold account," "treat," "draw down (in the scale)," and "weight."'

ἕνεκεν (prep) "For...sake" is from heneka, which means "on account of," "as far as regards," "in consequence of," and "because."

ἐμοῦ (pron 1st sg masc gen) "My" is from emou, which means "me," and "mine."

εἰς (prep) "For" is from eis, which means "into (of place)," "up to (of time)," "until (of time)," "as much as (of measure or limit)," "as far as (of measure or limit)," "towards (to express relation)," "in regard to (to express relation)," "of an end or limit," and "for (of purpose or object)."

μαρτύριον [4 verses](noun sg neut acc) "Testimony" is martyrion, which means "testimony," and proof."

αὐτοῖς (adj pl masc dat) "Against them" is from autos, which means "the same," and the reflexive pronouns, "myself," "yourself," "himself," "herself," "itself," or the oblique case of the pronouns, "him," "her," and "it." It also means "one's true self," that is, "the soul" as opposed to the body and "of one's own accord."

καὶ (conj) "And" is from kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."

τοῖς (article pl neut dat) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"), which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones."

ἔθνεσιν. (noun pl neut dat) "The gentiles" is ethnos, which means "a number of people living together," "company," "body of men," "tribe," "a people," "nation," and (later) "foreign, barbarous nations."

KJV — word by word

And -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also") and, In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also."

you -- This is from the second-person, plural form of the verb.

shall  -- This helping verb "shall" indicates that the verb is the future tense. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.

be  -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.

brought -- "Brought" is a Greek word which means "to lead," "to carry," or "to fetch" and has a lot of different specific meanings in different contexts. Not all of these are negative, for example, this phrase could mean "guided." It is in the passive, future, so "you a going to be guided" or "you are going to be carried."

before -- The word translated as "before" means "against," "before," "by" or "on." The Greek word translated as "before" denotes being upon or support by a point. It has a number of meanings. With the form of governors here, its most common meaning would be "before," "in the presence of," and "up to." It can mean "against" but only when the context clearly indicates it.

governors -- "Governors" is from the Greek for a leader of any kind, but the term was specifically used for the governors of provinces in Roman times.

missing "but"-- (MW) The untranslated word "but" joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better. It is in an odd position here, appearing fourth between two "and" conjunctions. One possible explanation is that it is used to answer an interjection from someone. This word is used specifically to respond to a "really?" question in a slightly adversarial way.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also") and, In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also."

kings -- "Kings" is translated from a Greek word which means a "king" or "chief."

for -- The word translated as "for...sake" means "on account of," and "because."

my --  The "my" is the Greek pronoun meaning "of mine."

sake, -- The word translated as "for...sake" means "on account of," and "because."

for -- "For" is from a preposition that is primarily used to mean "into" a place, but can also mean "for" a purpose.

a -- There is no indefinite article in Greek, but when a word doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.

testimony -- "Testimony" is from the Greek word "testimony" or "proof." From the Greek root word for our word 'martyr', which means "witness." Obvious from the meaning of "martyr" today what the initial fate of such witnesses was.

against  -- (WW) This word "against" comes from the dative case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English, but the translator must decide which preposition to use: a "to" as an indirect object, a "with" for instruments, an "in" for locations, an "as" for purposes, an "of" for possession, a "by" for agents, an "as" for comparisons, "at" or "on" a time, and an "in" for area of effect.

them -- The word translated as "them" is the Greek word that means "the same." that Christ almost always uses as the third person pronoun. It is in the form of an indirect object, which has a number of purposes in Greek. Most commonly, it would simply mean "to them" or a declaration of benefit "for them." It can mean "again" in the sense of "concerning" but only when the word only makes sense in that context.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also"). In a series, it is can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

Gentiles. -- The word translated as "Gentiles" does not mean "gentiles" or even "foreigners." Its primary meaning is "a group of people living together," a nation, a tribe, or a cast of people. Our term "ethnics" is from the same root and has the same sense. Later it came to mean "barbarous nations" similar to our idea of ethnic people. It is in the same form as the "them" above, so "to them" or "for them." This word is in the same indicated object form as the "them" above.

NIV — word by word

missing "and"-- (MW) The untranslated word "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also") and, In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also."

On -- The word translated as "on...account" means "on account of," and "because."

my --  The "my" is the Greek pronoun meaning "of mine."

account, -- The word translated as "on...account" means "on account of," and "because."

you -- This is from the second-person, plural form of the verb.

will -- This helping verb "will " indicates that the verb is the future tense. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.

be  -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.

brought -- "Brought" is a Greek word which means "to lead," "to carry," or "to fetch" and has a lot of different specific meanings in different contexts. Not all of these are negative, for example, this phrase could mean "guided." It is in the passive, future, so "you a going to be guided" or "you are going to be carried."

before -- The word translated as "before" means "against," "before," "by" or "on." The Greek word translated as "before" denotes being upon or support by a point. It has a number of meanings. With the form of governors here, its most common meaning would be "before," "in the presence of," and "up to." It can mean "against" but only when the context clearly indicates it.

governors -- "Governors" is from the Greek for a leader of any kind, but the term was specifically used for the governors of provinces in Roman times.

missing "but"-- (MW) The untranslated word "but" joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better. It is in an odd position here, appearing fourth between two "and" conjunctions. One possible explanation is that it is used to answer an interjection from someone. This word is used specifically to respond to a "really?" question in a slightly adversarial way.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also") and, In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also."

kings -- "Kings" is translated from a Greek word which means a "king" or "chief."

as -- (WW) "As" is from a preposition that is primarily used to mean "into" a place, but can also mean "for" a purpose.

witnesses -- (WW, WN) "Witnesses" is from the Greek word "testimony" or "proof." From the Greek root word for our word 'martyr', which means "witness." Obvious from the meaning of "martyr" today what the initial fate of such witnesses was.

to -- This word "to" comes from the dative case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English, but the translator must decide which preposition to use: a "to" as an indirect object, a "with" for instruments, an "in" for locations, an "as" for purposes, an "of" for possession, a "by" for agents, an "as" for comparisons, "at" or "on" a time, and an "in" for area of effect.

them -- The word translated as "them" is the Greek word that means "the same." that Christ almost always uses as the third person pronoun. It is in the form of an indirect object, which has a number of purposes in Greek. Most commonly, it would simply mean "to them" or a declaration of benefit "for them." It can mean "again" in the sense of "concerning" but only when the word only makes sense in that context.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also"). In a series, it is can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."

to -- There is no preposition here but because of the form of the words, the previous proposition applies.

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

Gentiles. -- The word translated as "Gentiles" does not mean "gentiles" or even "foreigners." Its primary meaning is "a group of people living together," a nation, a tribe, or a cast of people. Our term "ethnics" is from the same root and has the same sense. Later it came to mean "barbarous nations" similar to our idea of ethnic people. It is in the same form as the "them" above, so "to them" or "for them." This word is in the same indicated object form as the "them" above.